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近期饲料厂大量调整配方，其中，调整波动最大的就是鱼类和鸭类，而猪饲料最为稳定。
那么问题来了，对于水产饲料配方结构到底该如何调整呢？
水产饲料的配方体系基本有两大体系：
一是适用于高端饲料的鱼粉、豆粕体系，主要用于虾料、海水鱼类饲料、淡水膨化饲料、中华鳖和鳗鱼饲料，二是以鱼粉、棉粕、菜粕体系，主要适用于淡水鱼类的饲料。
目前，由于主要饲料原料如鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕等可以进入期货市场的大宗原料的市场价格异常波动，主要原因一是“热钱”在世界整体经济不景气的情况下，进入了粮食、大宗饲料原料市场，导致所谓的“饥饿营销”方式，使原料的市场价格原理里基本的供求关系定价原则，给饲料产业带来前所未有的成本压力；二是，部分企业对菜粕等大宗原料有“囤货居奇”、“饥饿营销”的嫌疑，导致即使出高价也很难买到原料，以菜粕、棉粕较为明显。
这种现象可能还要持续相当长的一段时间。
对于水产饲料产业而言，要全面接受大宗饲料原料的异常高价，就必须要承担异常的成本压力，而在水产品市场价格又难以同等涨价的情况下，这种饲料原料的成本压力就要由饲料企业来承担，而饲料企业是难以承担的。
由于我们在大宗饲料原料市场上没有定价话语权，面对目前的形式对于饲料产业、饲料企业则是无奈。
因此，在改变市场我们难以有所作为的情况下，唯有改变我们自己的技术、对策，度过这个非常时期，期待，世界、乃至中国的大宗饲料原料市场回归理性的那天的到来。
在我前面一篇文章中，谈到了降低饲料蛋白质水平，这是一个较为长期的计划，也是水产饲料在营养水平设置上长期存在的一个问题，需要多数水产饲料企业共同参与才能实现的一个计划。
这是一个必须要进行的大框架性的计划。
在这里我提出一个水产饲料配方结构调整的一个意见，供大家参考。
一、鱼粉、豆粕体系的配方结构调整计划
1、鱼粉
采用超级蒸汽鱼粉与国产脱脂+水洗鱼粉配合使用，蒸汽鱼粉在价格上很高，而国产鱼粉生产企业在工艺设备、工艺参数上已经做了很大的调整和改进，在鱼粉蒸煮过程中增加了水洗，鱼熔浆也不再返回到鱼粉中，这样下来的鱼粉挥发性盐基氮、组胺、丙二醛等蛋白质腐败产物、油脂氧化产物显着下降，提高了鱼粉的安全性。
烘干温度也采用70℃以下的多级（一般是三级）烘干的方法。这类鱼粉的营养质量和安全质量都显着提高，可以取代或部分超级蒸汽鱼粉。实现鱼粉的价格平衡。
海水鱼粉与淡水鱼粉配合使用的原则。
淡水鱼粉在氧化三甲胺、牛磺酸等微量因子含量低于海水鱼粉，但是，其蛋白质营养价值、可消化性、安全性等方面不亚于海水鱼粉，市场价格也低于海水鱼粉。两者混合使用可以实现鱼粉价格的平衡。
2、其他动物蛋白质
在高端水产饲料中，动物蛋白质总量由鱼粉、肉粉、血球粉等来整体体现，可以使用血球粉、鸭肉粉或鸡肉粉来补充鱼粉用量下降后动物蛋白质总量的不足，且使配方成本显着下降。
3、油脂
要鱼油由于其氧化稳定性差，在一些实验研究中已经发现鱼油对于多数水产动物是有副作用的，且价格还高。
所以，要改变单一使用鱼油的技术方案，可以使用鱼油+豆油=1:1～1:3的配合使用技术方案，养殖效果可以得到保障，而配方成本则显着下降。
4、大豆替代部分豆粕
在挤压膨化饲料生产中，温度在130℃、水分16%左右高湿热的条件下，大豆中的抗营养因子将失活，所以，在膨化饲料中可以使用大豆作为直接性的饲料原料。
在我们4年多的实际使用情况看，在配方中使用15%以下的大豆是可行的，这样就可以将豆粕的使用量显着下调。
5、豆粕+花生粕或葵仁粕
花生粕主要还是氨基酸平衡性和消化率的问题，可以使用10%以下的花生粕。而葵仁粕则具有很好的蛋白质消化率、适口性和氨基酸平衡性，可以使用15%左右的量。
6、小麦与面粉的问题
在鱼类膨化饲料中，可以使用小麦而不使用面粉。使用15%～20%左右的小麦在挤压膨化饲料中是完全可行的。
目前小麦的价格在2400～2600元/吨左右，是可以接受的。
二、鱼粉、菜粕、棉粕配方体系的调整
水产饲料总量中，80%以上是淡水鱼类饲料。
所以淡水鱼类饲料的配方结构需要及时调整。
1、动物蛋白质
可以使用淡水鱼粉+海水鱼粉混合使用的方案，控制鱼粉的营养质量和价格平衡问题。
在饲料蛋白质高于30%的饲料中，可以使用1%～4%的血球粉提高饲料蛋白质含量，且效果很好。
肉粉可以使用价格较低的猪肉粉，一次猪肉粉油脂含量在30%左右，如果加工设备（粉碎）可行的话，可以使用在5%～10%的量。
油脂含量在15%左右的味二次压榨肉粉，可以使用5%～10%的量。
2、豆粕
豆粕的使用量控制在15%以下，可以使用部分花生粕、葵花籽粕等原料。
3、菜粕、棉粕
二者的总量可以在20%～40%，但是要注意蛋白质溶解度一定要在40%以上。
4、芝麻粕
如果蛋白质溶解度在40%以上，则可以使用5%～8%的量。
5、椰子粕、亚麻籽粕
在淡水鱼类配方调整中，一定要找到价格低于2000元/吨的饲料原料，椰子粕、亚麻籽粕是可以选择的主要原料。
依据我们使用情况看，分别控制在10%的使用量是可行的。
6、籽实类原料。
油菜籽作为油脂原料和蛋白质原料，在英颗粒饲料中使用3%是可行的。
花椒籽含油量在23%左右、蛋白质15%以上，是一种油脂原料，在淡水鱼类硬颗粒饲料中可以使用1%～3%，目前的市场价格在1850元/吨。
葡萄籽含油脂8%以上，蛋白质12%以上，含糖30%左右，也是一种价格较为合算的原料。目前价格在1850元/吨。在淡水鱼类饲料中使用量可以在6%左右。
7、玉米DDGS
为了避免玉米油的氧化副作用，可以使用低油脂（油脂含量6%足有）的DDGS10%以下的量。
8、木薯渣、白酒渣
目前是较为变异的饲料原料，可以作为填充性饲料原料。
目前价格在1100元/吨以下。
白酒渣在硬颗粒饲料中可以使用5%以下，而木薯渣则可以在10%以下的量。
9、小麦、玉米
作为主要的淀粉性原料，可以使用在20%以下的量。
饲料原料的市场价格：本来应该按照基本的供求关系和成本确定价格，但是由于期货市场、资本的介入，一些国际市场的“炒作故事”很多，于是导致价格异常波动。
鱼粉是一个典型的案例，大豆与豆粕、玉米也是一个案例，今年还加上了菜粕。其结果是这些大宗原料的市场价格远离了供求关系、成本。这就意味着饲料企业需要承担高于正常价格的原料成本。这部分成本如何消化？
配合饲料的定价与价格：饲料是配方加工产品，其成本是可以确定的，所以，配合饲料的价格是依据生产成本来定价。
而如果承担了大宗饲料原料的异常价格后，这部分成本就进入了配合饲料的成本价格，转移到饲料产品的价格中。
这部分价格需要转移到养殖业者，养殖业者能够承受得了吗？
水产品的市场价格：
基本的定价原则应该是养殖成本和水产品的市场供求关系。
但是，水产品的市场供求关系定价掩盖了水产品养殖成本定价的原则，
基本是按照市场供求关系确定水产品的市场价格。
这就导致养殖业者即使亏本也要卖鱼的情况，比如广东的金昌鱼、黑鱼等的市场价格远低于养殖成本，但鱼是活动物，不能长期放在池塘里，必须地卖掉啊。于是亏本大甩卖了。
那么，在饲料产品接受了大宗原料异常价格后，饲料产品价格上涨部分的异常价格就在饲料产品中了，问题就在于，养殖业者能否接受得了？如果接受不了，饲料企业就得想办法来控制饲料配方成本的增加。如何控制？这就是我前面2个帖子提出的缘由了。
饲料降低蛋白质水平是否可行？
反过来问，我们现在的水产动物饲料蛋白质水平设置是否合理？是高了还是低了，还是正好合适？
不同水产动物对饲料蛋白质的需要量到底是多少？
对上述问题的讨论大家可以思考。我只是提出一个观点：水产动物是变温动物，它的蛋白质需要量是受到环境温度、生长阶段等的变化而变化的。
同时，我们这些年来都是在做增加饲料蛋白质水平的工作，很少做降低蛋白质水平的工作。
我们做了不同地区、不同种类的水产动物饲料蛋白质水平和蛋白质内在质量的试验，结果发现降低2个百分点蛋白质水平后，如果配方成本不变，就可以使用更好的、更优质的饲料原料，最后的养殖效果更好。饲料企业盈利好、养殖户的盈利也更好。
配方结构调整就是饲料原料组合的调整，必须得要增加饲料原料种类。
新的饲料原料从哪里找到？
我多次建议大家去研究一下《饲料原料目录》。我把一些籽实类原料目录整理了以下，大家可以参考。
大家要有几个意识：
1、要增加饲料原料，需要饲料加工设备和工艺满足要求，例如粉碎、配料仓等等。需要与生产、采购进行协调和沟通。
2、不增加饲料原料种类要降低饲料成本几乎是不可能的事情，必须找到新的原料。
3、对于一种原料由于资源量小，或是季节性问题，可能只能使用1个月、2个月的，都行，要改变以前那种一种原料全年都可以用的观点。
这就增加了配方技术、生产的难度。个人以为，这正是需要技术人员发挥作用的时候，此时不表现更待合适？
4、配方结果调整后如何保障养殖效果不变：
这是技术人员体现自己能力的时候了。要从配合饲料整体的蛋白质水平与质量、油脂水平与质量等综合分析。
不足的要充分补足，例如蛋白质水平下降了，就增加油脂。以后如果油脂价格高了，就增加蛋白质嘛。蛋白质与氨基酸、油脂与脂肪酸、糖类、矿物质盐尤其是磷、维生素等整体考虑后，就可以有效保障养殖效果。
The English version
Recent feed mills large amount of adjustment formula, adjust the wave is the biggest fish and ducks, and the most stable of pig feed.
So the question comes, for how to adjust structure of aquatic feed formula?
Of aquatic feed formula system has two basic system:
One is suitable for high feed system of fish meal, soybean meal, mainly used in shrimp feed, seawater, fresh water fish feed puffed feed, lumen and eel feed, second is system of fish meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp, mainly is suitable for the freshwater fish feed.
At the moment, the main feed ingredients such as fish meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp can enter futures markets such as abnormal fluctuations in the market price of the commodities, the main reason is a "hot money" in the overall economy of the world, into the grain, bulk feed raw materials market, leading to the so-called "hunger marketing", make the market price of the raw material in the principle of the basic principles of supply and demand of the pricing, the feed industry to bring the unprecedented cost pressure. Second, some enterprises of rapeseed meal and other commodities have "stock up supplies", suspected of "hunger marketing", leading to high price even if it is hard to buy raw materials, with rapeseed meal, cotton pulp is more obvious.
This phenomenon may continue for quite a long time.
For aquatic feedstuff industry, will fully accept bulk feed ingredients of unusually high, will have to bear the cost of the abnormal pressure, the aquatic product market prices are not the same price of cases, this kind of feed ingredients will be borne by the feed enterprises, cost pressure, and the feed enterprise is difficult to bear.
Because we have no pricing power in the bulk feed raw materials market, in the face of the current form is helpless for the feed industry, feed enterprises.
Therefore, under the condition of the market we are difficult to change, only change our own technology, the countermeasure, through this very period, looking forward to, the world, and China's major feed raw materials market return to rational the arrival of that day.
According to a report in front of me, and talked about the lower feed protein levels, this is a longer-term plan, is set in aquatic feed nutrition level on a long-standing problem, most aquatic feed enterprises participation is needed to implement a plan.
This is a must for large outline plan.
Here I put forward a recipe for aquatic feed structure adjustment of an opinion, for your reference.
A formula, fish meal, soybean meal system restructuring plan
1, fish meal,
Using super steam fish meal and domestic skim + water fish meal, steam fish meal is the price is very high, the domestic fish meal production enterprises in the process equipment, process parameters has been done on the great adjustment and improvement, increased the water, in the process of fish meal cooking fish lava are no longer return to the fish, so the fish meal volatile base nitrogen, histamine, malondialdehyde product corruption such as protein, lipid oxidation significantly decreased, improved the security of the fish meal.
Drying temperature also USES the multistage (usually three) under 70 ℃ drying method. This kind of fish meal nutrition quality and safety and quality are significantly improved, can replace or part of a super steam fish meal. To balance the price of fish meal.
The principle of sea water fish meal used with freshwater fish meal.
Freshwater fish meal in the oxidation of trimethylamine, taurine, such as trace factor levels below the sea fish meal, but the protein nutritive value, digestibility and security as seawater fish meal, the market price is below the sea fish meal. The combination can realize the balance of the price of fish meal.
2, other animal protein
In high-end aquatic feed, the amount of animal protein from fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, etc to the overall reflect, can use blood powder, duck or chicken powder to replace fish meal consumption declines the lack of animal protein, and the formula cost significantly decreased.
3, grease
To fish oil due to its oxidation stability is poor, and in some experimental study have been found in fish oil for most aquatic animals have side effects, and the price is higher.
So, want to change the technical scheme of the single use of fish oil, you can use the fish oil + soybean = 1:1 to 1:3 used technical solution, breeding effect can be guaranteed, while the formula cost significantly decreased.
4 replacing part of the soybean meal, soybean
In extrusion feed production, high temperature in 130 ℃, water is about 16% under the condition of damp and hot, inactivation of antinutritional factors in soybean, therefore, can be used in the expanded feed soybean as raw materials for the direct feed.
In our more than four years of actual use, used in the formulation of less than 15% of the soy is feasible, so in the use of soybean meal can be significantly lowered.
5 + peanut meal or kwai kernel meal, soybean meal
Peanut meal mainly amino acid balance and digestibility of problem, you can use less than 10% of the peanut meal. While kwai kernel meal has the very good protein digestibility, palatability, and amino acid balance, you can use the amount of about 15%.
6, wheat and flour
In expanded feed fish, can be used instead of wheat flour. Using 15% ~ 15% of wheat in extrusion feed is completely feasible.
Now the price of wheat in 2400 ~ 2600 yuan/tons, is acceptable.
Second, fish meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp formula system adjustment
Of aquatic feed, more than 80% is freshwater fish feed.
So of freshwater fish feed formula structure needs to adjust.
1, animal protein
Can use fresh water fish meal + sea fish meal mixed solution, control the fish meal nutrition balance between quality and price problem.
In feed protein higher than 30% of the feed, you can use the powder of 1% ~ 4% of the blood cell increase feed protein content, and the effect is very good.
Meat powder can use the low prices of pork, a pork fat content at about 30%, if processing equipment (crushed) is feasible, can be used in the amount of 5% ~ 10%.
Oil content in about 15% of the secondary crushing of meat flavor powder, you can use the amount of 5% ~ 10%.
2, soybean meal,
Usage control under 15% soybean meal, you can use part of raw materials such as peanut meal, sunflower meal.
3, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp
The amount of the two can be 20% ~ 40%, but must pay attention to the protein solubility in more than 40%.
4, sesame meal
If the protein solubility in 40% above, you can use the amount of 5% ~ 8%.
5, coconut meal, flax seed meal
In the formulation and adjustment of fresh water fish, you must find a price lower than 2000 yuan/ton feed ingredients, coconut meal, flax seed meal is the main raw material can choose.
According to the case, we use control respectively in 10% of the usage is feasible.
6, seeds class raw materials.
Rapeseed oil as raw material and the protein raw materials, used in 3% of the pellet feed is feasible.
Prickly ash seed oil content, at about 23%, more than 23% of the protein, is a kind of oil raw material, the hard particles in freshwater fish feed can be used in 1% ~ 3%, the current market price is in 1850 yuan/ton.
Grape seeds containing fat by more than 8%, protein 12%, sugar 30%, is also a kind of more economical price. Now the price is in 1850 yuan/ton. In freshwater fish feed usage can be around 6%.
7, corn DDGS
In order to avoid the oxidation of corn oil side effects, can use low fat (6%). There are sebum DDGS10 % the following amount.
8, cassava dregs, slag of liquor
Is now more variable feed ingredients, can be used as feed ingredients on filling.
Now the price below 1100 yuan/ton.
In hard liquor slag particles can be used in feed below 5%, whereas the cassava dregs could the amount of below 10%.
9, wheat, corn
As the main raw materials, starch can be used in the amount of below 20%.
The market price of feed ingredients: should according to the basic supply and demand determine the price and cost, but because of the involvement of the futures market, capital, some international market a lot of hype "stories", so lead to abnormal fluctuation of prices.
Fish meal is a typical case, soybean and soybean meal, corn is also a case, this year also added to the wheat. As a result, the market price of these commodities from the supply and demand, cost. This means that the feed enterprises need to bear the raw material cost is higher than the normal price. This part of the cost how to digest?
Compound feed of the pricing and price: is formula feed and processing products, the cost can be determined, so the compound feed is the price of the pricing according to the cost of production.
If take the abnormal price of the bulk feed ingredients, this part of the cost into the cost of compound feed price, to feed in the price of the product.
This part of the price need to transfer to the breeding, aquaculture is able to bear?
The market price of aquatic products:
The basic principles of pricing should be the production cost and market supply and demand of aquatic products.
However, the market supply and demand of aquatic products pricing covers aquatic products breeding cost pricing principle,
The seafood market is basically in accordance with market supply and demand determine prices.
This leads to eat even at a loss to sell fish, such as guangdong Jin Changyu, snakehead far below the market price of the production cost, but the fish is active, not on the pond for a long time, must be to sell. So the sale at a loss.
So, in the feed product received after abnormal commodities prices, feed products prices of abnormal prices in feed products, the problem is, can eat a ready for? If can't accept, enterprises have to think of some way to feed to control the rising cost of feed formulation. How to control? This is the reason of my front two postings.
Whether it is feasible to reduce feed protein levels?
On the other hand, we now ask of aquatic animal feed protein level set is reasonable? It is high or low, or just the right?
Different aquatic animals to feed protein requirements exactly is how much?
Able to think about all of the above discussion. I just put forward a view that the aquatic animals is warming, its protein requirement is affected by the changes of environment temperature, growth stage, etc.
At the same time, we are doing all these years increase feed protein level of work, rarely do lower protein levels.
We have done in different areas, different types of aquatic animal feed protein level and protein inner quality test, found that 2% lower protein level, if the formula constant cost, you can use the better, more high quality feed ingredients, the breeding effect is better. Feed good corporate profits, farmers profit is better.
Formula structure adjustment is the combination of feed ingredients, must to increase the types of feed ingredients.
New feed ingredients from where to find?
I suggest you many times to study the catalog of feed ingredients. I put some seeds classes directory compiled the following raw materials, you can reference.
You want to have a few awareness:
1, to increase the feed raw material, need to feed processing equipment and processes meet the requirements, such as crushing, mixing tank, etc. Need to coordinate and communicate with production, procurement.
2, no increase in feed ingredients to reduce the feed cost is almost impossible, must find a new raw material.
3, for a due to the small amount of raw materials, or seasonal problem, can only use 1 month, 2 months, will do, to change the previous one view in the raw material can be used all year round.
This increases the formula technology, production of the difficulty. Personal thought, this is need of technical personnel play a role, while the performance to be more appropriate?
4, how to guarantee after adjustment formula results breeding effect is the same:
This is technical personnel reflect your ability. From the level of protein in compound feed and quality, such as oil level and quality of comprehensive analysis.
Insufficient to fully make up, such as protein levels dropped, increase in oil. If the oil price is high, has more protein. Protein and amino acids, fat and fatty acid, carbohydrate, mineral salt, especially after overall consideration such as phosphorus, vitamin, can effective safeguard the breeding effect.
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