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一、脱霉剂只有概念没有标准
1、脱霉剂没有标准可以衡量：霉菌毒素吸附率的测量一直是个世界难题，跟饲料中的能量的检测一样存在着无比的困难。而且也存在着很多无法回避的疑问，如体外吸附和体内吸附有可比性吗?吸附营养?等等。至今无论欧盟、美国和中国都没有正式的霉菌毒素吸附标准，也没有将脱霉剂正式列入添加剂名单中。
2、脱霉剂还处于概念阶段：业界都认识到了霉菌毒素的危害，也知道有些添加剂材料对其有一定的吸附率，但究竟吸附率多少，还是很成问题，各国均无定论、无标准。很多言之凿凿的所谓吸附率，多数是厂家的一面之词，有夸大其产品功效的嫌疑。
3、脱霉剂作用有限，根本在原料把关：正规的几种添加剂材料可以起到一定的吸附作用。但如果饲料发霉严重，希望通过脱霉剂来走捷径解决，根本不可能，尤其是非极性毒素。最终对饲料原料的把关才是控制霉菌毒素的根本和关键。
二、市面脱霉剂非常混乱而且假冒伪劣很多
市面销售以国外品牌为主。早期对霉菌毒素的认识，得益于国外品牌的引导和推广，从而使很多国外品牌深入人心。现在市面上几乎什么国家都有，价格从每公斤10元到100元都有，甚至还有几块钱的，让广大消费者摸不着头脑，辩不清好坏。
“假冒”的产品很多。像“霉XX”这个产品，市面上五花八门，价格高低不一，但90%是假冒产品，印上一样的包装，却由全国各地的不法商贩生产，卖到全国各地。
另外一个现象就是，很多公司申请了一个国外产品的批号(外饲准字，5年有效)，进上一两吨货。然后就用这个批号自己生产，质量就很难得到保障。更多的是，直接盯上连国外的品牌都是捕风捉影，批准文号质量标准等编造一个，直接印上国外风格的包装袋，装上几毛1斤的膨润土就卖。
三、外饲准字的秘密
国外饲料和添加剂的进口要提前办一个批准文号，这就是“外饲准字”，但办理后，至于是否进口，或进口多少，农业部就不得而知了。而海关只对进出口海关的货物管理，至于市场销售的进口产品管不了。这就形成了一个“钻空子”产业，办一个真的“外饲准字”，后冒名自己生产，这样就省去办理“生产许可证”“产品批准文号”等一大堆麻烦，基本可避免抽查和承担质量责任。
四、为什么有那么多的假冒伪劣产品?
主观原因在于我们消费者对霉菌毒素和吸附剂不能正确认识;客观原因是霉菌毒素本身难以全面而准确地检测，而霉菌毒素的危害难以量化和明确。霉菌毒素吸附剂的吸附效果更难检测和量化，我们几乎100%靠感觉在使用。
五、广大养殖使用者在效果方面的误区
养猪者对霉菌毒素的唯一感受是“小猪肿脐子”，只要小猪肿脐子就知道是霉菌毒素中毒了，赶紧用脱霉剂。对脱霉剂的认识只是简单地认为“只要用了后，小猪不肿脐子了，就是好脱霉剂”。其实这种看法是不全面的，小猪种脐子是由玉米赤霉希酮毒素造成的，而玉米赤霉希酮毒素很难吸附，公认最好的脱霉剂也只能达到60%左右的吸附效率。所谓有厂家宣传的吸附率90%，难以证实。
但养殖场只看表观效果，只要不肿脐子就是好的脱霉剂。造成很多厂家投机取巧，有XXX品牌只卖“酵母细胞壁”，简单解决肿脐子了事;更有很多加入部分解毒剂，治好肿脐子就行。其实仅仅对F2毒素有效，对更为严重的黄曲霉毒素类的，根本没有作用。为此，我们调查不少使用万分之几使用量的几个国外品牌脱霉剂的用户，都反映“小猪肿脐子是没有了，但还是疾病多，没有一点减少”，这基本反映出其对黄曲霉毒素等吸附效率很差。
认为国外品牌质量好、可信度高。这正给了造假分子可乘之机，冒充或编造一大堆形形色色的外国牌子，坑害消费者。其实随着近年来中国制造业的发展，几种主要的吸附材料中国已经完全可以制造，而且质量非常好。很多国外厂商都是购买中国材料来生产的。
六、关于霉菌毒素的吸附原理
现在被证实具有高效吸附霉菌毒素的原料来自三个方面：蒙脱石、改性的硅铝酸盐晶体、酵母细胞壁提取物。前两者成本较低，后者成本较高。
1、蒙脱石：具有2:1的三个晶层结构，1个八面体和2个四面体，厚度10埃，各层间没有氢键形成，因此晶层间隙很宽，霉菌毒素分子容易被吸附到晶层间隙中，其表面积很大，每克达700 m2(这是自然界中所见如此清澄的最大表面积)，所以蒙脱石也称吸附之王。是黄曲霉毒素的最佳吸附剂之一。
蒙脱石主要是通过内部各结构层间的静电不平衡作用来吸附霉菌毒素的。粘土对体积较小的水分子和某些霉菌毒素的结合能力很强，如黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素等。但干燥的蒙脱石结构层的间距为0.25-0.7nm，含水的为1nm，对体积较大的某些霉菌毒素就难以吸附，如F2、T2、烟曲霉毒素等。目前市场有号称“纳米”级吸附级，实际上不是吸附材料真达到纳米级细度，而是指硅酸盐晶体的纳米级晶层结构。
2、改性硅铝酸盐晶体：是将蒙脱石等硅铝酸盐，使用一些有机物进行该性，原理上使蒙脱石等硅铝酸盐的层间柱子认为扩大，从而使层间空间扩大2-10倍，从而来吸附大分子霉菌毒素。但因其该性，从而使吸附效率难以保证。
3、酵母细胞壁提取物：酵母细胞壁的主要成分是：分为3层：中间层是糖蛋白层，内外两层分别为葡聚糖层和甘露聚糖层[。葡聚糖(约占细胞壁干重的30%～34%)和甘露聚糖[约占细胞壁干重的30%，实际生产中多用的甘露寡糖，是酶解甘露聚糖完全从α-(1，6)-糖苷键连接的骨架处断开，生成若干种寡糖侧链 。其中甘露寡糖和甘露聚糖具有吸附霉菌毒素的作用，特别是对F2等霉菌毒素的吸附效果很好。
由于霉菌毒素在饲料中含量很高、广泛，而所有的脱霉剂都不能100%吸附，所以任何霉菌毒素吸附剂都只能不同幅度地减少霉菌毒素的危害，但不能100%解除霉菌毒素造成的损失。而霉菌毒素对动物体内造成的毒害和毒性要加以排除，脱霉佳中添加的酶解B-葡聚糖，具有通过免疫系统排毒的功能，所以这也是脱霉佳的独特之处(双向清除是指通过体外吸附和体内排毒两个不同方向解除霉菌毒素的危害)。
4、主要几个霉菌毒素的分子大小(单位：nm)
H：可能吸附位置上的分子近似大小；L：从H位置旋转90度后的分子近似大小。
七、购买脱霉剂的几个外观鉴别
1、如果是矿物吸附剂，粒度要求特别细，至少要求在28um以下，如果很粗，则基本可判定为假。
2、高纯度的正规吸附剂，干燥而且密度不大。如果装在袋中不多但很重，则基本可判定为假。
3、可以用水做个分析，矿物脱霉剂搅拌后呈悬浊状，不会产生大的沉底颗粒;而添加了酵母细胞壁提取物的脱霉剂，则有非矿物粉末分离出来，漂浮。
八、用脱霉剂好坏的的三个简单鉴别
鉴别一：发病率是否降低(至少要长期观察2个月以上)(是衡量对黄曲霉毒素为代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)；
鉴别二：家畜食欲和采食量是否增加，蛋禽蛋重第一个月是否增加(是衡量对T2、呕吐毒素为代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)；
鉴别三：家畜假发情是否减轻，蛋禽禽蛋是否干净(是衡量对F2毒素为代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)。
九、关于霉菌毒素的吸附效果观察
主要通过三个方面来观察
1、免疫力：霉菌毒素最大的危害就是由黄曲霉毒素等造成的免疫破坏，严重侵害动物的免疫系统和肝脏等，造成动物抗病力下降和疫苗效价的降低和抗体低短而不齐。
解剖分析：观察胸腺、脾脏等免疫器官的大小和健康度，观察肝脏的损伤度
生化检测：可对比分析抗体高低、保持时间、整齐度;免疫球蛋白的水平等
表观现象：长期做发病率和死淘率对比分析;家禽特别观察脂肪肝和蛋重变化，畜重点观察发情、乳房炎等。
简单鉴别：蛋禽最简单，观察脂肪肝和蛋重变化，一般使用脱霉剂第一个月蛋重回有所增加，以后恢复正常。而种禽看受精率、健雏率和雏禽的成活率跟踪。
2、采食和体重：以T2、呕吐毒素等可严重造成动物拒食、消瘦。猪会造成动物不爱吃、增重慢、出栏延迟和料肉比高等，而家禽一般比较消瘦，死淘率高。
简单鉴别：观察使用霉菌毒素吸附剂后，家畜是否采食量有明显增加、增重加快，或家禽体重恢复、死淘降低的现象，否则就是霉菌毒素含量高，而脱霉剂添加量不够，或者所使用的脱霉剂质量有问题。
3、繁殖：由于F2毒素能造成家畜假发情，幼畜肿脐子，使大家能从表面上认识到霉菌毒素的危害。但F2和黄曲霉毒素等其他霉菌毒素等能更深度地造成繁殖障碍。家畜方面表现为：发情不好、死胎、流产、难产，产仔率低等，弱仔多，成活率低，母畜使用年限缩短、乳房炎。家禽主要表现为：高峰期短或没有高峰，种禽受精率低，输卵管炎，鸡蛋脏、带血带粪，啄肛多。
简单鉴别：看假发情、肿脐子，看蛋鸡鸡蛋质量。
十、霉菌毒素吸附剂的档次
不算假冒的非正规产品，正规厂商生产的霉菌毒素吸附剂分3个档次：
1-低档次的为单一矿物吸附剂，只能吸附黄曲霉、赭曲霉毒素，只有“鉴别一”符合，难以印证其他效果。这种脱霉剂平均市场价格在每斤10元左右。但低于10元的基本是非正规产品，更低一档。
2-中档次的，一种是复合类吸附剂，在单一矿物吸附剂的基础上复合了酶制剂等结合物，其能吸附黄曲霉毒素并减轻“肿脐子”，但不能印证“鉴别二”。另外一种是单一酵母细胞壁提取物，卖得很贵，一般为万分之几使用量。吸附黄曲霉毒素效率很差，吸附F2毒素很好，解决“肿脐子”很有效。这种产品，貌似高档，也正好符合用户“不肿脐子就是好”的心理。其效果很不确定，能印证“鉴别三”，但“鉴别一和鉴别二”不能印证。
3-高档次的，属于第四代霉菌毒素吸附剂。要求全面改造并配合三大材料，要作到真正“三元广谱吸附”，同时具备一定的体内毒素清除作用。
十一、霉菌毒素的吸附效率
衡量霉菌毒素吸附剂的好坏不能仅仅参考各个公司给出的吸附率，因为再好的吸附剂也没有100%吸附，特别是F2毒素，各公司所给出的吸附率也仅仅只能做个参考。更重要的是能将漏网霉菌毒素所造成的免疫抑制和生殖损害更进一步解决，才是解决霉菌毒素危害的更彻底的手段。
The English version
There is no standard a, mildew agent only concept
No standard can measure: 1, mildew agent mycotoxin adsorption rate measurement has always been a problem in the world, and to feed the energy as there is a very difficult test. And also there are many questions, is unable to avoid such as adsorption in vitro and in vivo absorption was comparable? The adsorption of nutrition? And so on. Yet regardless of the European Union, the United States and China have no formal standard of mycotoxin adsorption, no mildew remover will officially additive list.
2, mildew agent is still in the conceptual phase: the industry recognize the hazard of mycotoxins, also know some additive material for the adsorption rate to a certain extent, but how many, the adsorption rate is still problematic, countries are inconclusive, top. Many persons of so-called adsorption rate, majority is manufacturer's assertion, was suspected of exaggerating its product efficacy.
3, mildew agent co., LTD., was in raw material control: formal several additive materials can have certain adsorption effect. But if the feed mildew is serious, hope that through mould remover to take shortcuts to solve, it was impossible, especially is polar toxins. Eventually the feed ingredients of control is the basic and key control mycotoxin.
Second, the market to take off the mildew agent is very chaos and fake a lot
Sales market is given priority to with foreign brands. Early understanding of mycotoxin, thanks to guide and promote foreign brands, which makes a lot of foreign brands. Almost any country has, now on the market price from 10 yuan to 100 yuan per kg, even a few bucks, make broad consumer scratching their heads, debate is not clear.
A lot of "fake" products. Like "mildew XX", this product on the market a wide variety, the price is differ, but 90% are counterfeit products, printed on the same packaging, is produced by unscrupulous traders all over the country, sold to all parts of the country.
Another phenomenon is that, many companies to apply for a foreign product batch number (outside the feeding, approved by the valid for 5 years), into the YiLiangDun goods. Then use this batch production, quality is hard to get. More, directly targeting the foreign brands are innuendo, approval number quality standard, make one up directly printed on the packing bag of foreign style, pack a few hair 1 catty bentonite on selling.
Third, feeding the approved by the state secret
Feed and additives imported abroad to do an approval number in advance, this is the "feeding" approved by the state, but is dealt with, as for whether to import, or imported, the ministry of agriculture. And the customs for import and export goods customs management, only for sales of imported products do. It's formed a "loophole" industry, do a real "feeding" approved by the state, impersonate their production, after it is dealt with "production license" "product approval number" a lot of trouble, such as basic can avoid the sampling and quality responsibility.
Four, why there are so many fake and inferior products?
Subjective reason is that we can't correct understanding of consumer of mycotoxin and adsorbent; Objective reason is that the mold toxin itself is difficult to comprehensively and accurately detect, and the harm of mycotoxins are difficult to quantify and clear. Mycotoxins adsorbent adsorption effect is more difficult to detect and quantify, we almost 100% by feeling is in use.
Five, the general breeding users in the area of effect
Pig is the only feeling of mycotoxin is swollen umbilical "piglets", as long as the pig is swollen umbilical knew is a mycotoxin poisoning, hurriedly with mildew agent. Knowledge of mould remover simply think "just after using the pig not swollen umbilical, mildew remover is good". Actually this kind of view is not comprehensive, pig umbilical is caused by corn gibberellic bush ketone toxin, and corn gibberellic ketone toxin is difficult to adsorption, recognized as the best mold remover can only the adsorption efficiency of about 60%. The so-called manufacturer to propaganda the adsorption rate of 90%, it is difficult to confirm.
But only see the apparent effect farms, as long as it doesn't swell umbilical mildew remover is good. Caused a lot of manufacturer is opportunistic, have only sell XXX brand "yeast cell wall", simple solution to swollen umbilical settle; There are many more to join some antidote, cure swollen umbilical. Actually only work in F2 toxin, the more serious of aflatoxin, there is no effect. To this end, we investigate a lot of use per mould remover several usage of several foreign brands of users, all reflect the "pig swollen umbilical is gone, but still more disease, no less", this reflects the basic adsorption efficiency on aflatoxin are very poor.
Think that foreign brands of good quality, high credibility. This is for the fake molecules, pretend to be or make a lot of all kinds of foreign brands, entrap consumer. In fact along with the development of the manufacturing industry in China in recent years, China has several main adsorption materials can be produced completely, and quality is very good. Many foreign manufacturers are buying material to produce in China.
Sixth, on the adsorption principle of mycotoxin
Has now been confirmed that the efficiency of the raw material of adsorption mycotoxins from three aspects: modification of montmorillonite, silicon aluminium acid salt crystals, the cell walls of yeast extract. The former two cost is low, the latter cost is higher.
1, montmorillonite, crystal has a 2:1 three layer structure, one octahedral and two tetrahedron, thickness of 10 Egyptian, no hydrogen bond formation between the layers, so the crystal layer gap is very wide, mycotoxin molecules are easy to be adsorbed to the crystal layer clearance, its surface area is large, 700 m2 per gram (this was so clear to see in the nature of maximum surface area), so the montmorillonite also known as the king of adsorption. One is the best adsorbent for aflatoxin.
Each structural layer of montmorillonite mainly through internal static unbalance between role to adsorb mycotoxins. Clay for small water molecules, and some combination of mycotoxin ability is very strong, such as aflatoxin, ochre and aspergillus toxin, etc. But the dry structure of montmorillonite layer spacing of 0.25 to 0.7 nm, water cut to 1 nm, some mycotoxins of large size it will be difficult to adsorption, such as the F2, T2, smoke aspergillus toxin, etc. Current market levels have so-called "nano" adsorption, adsorption material is not actually reach nanoscale fineness, but to the nanoscale silicon layer structure of silicate crystals.
2, modified silicon aluminium acid salt crystals: by silicon aluminate such as montmorillonite, use some organic matter in the sex, on the principle of the montmorillonite layer between the pillars of the silicon aluminate think such as expanded, so that the interlayer space expanding 2 to 10 times, thus to adsorption macromolecular mycotoxins. But because of its the sex, so that the adsorption efficiency is difficult to guarantee.
3, yeast cell wall extract: the main components of the yeast cell wall is divided into three layers: the middle layer is a glycoprotein layer, respectively, both inside and outside two layer glucan layer and mannan [. Dextran (accounts for about 30% ~ 34%) of the dry weight of the cell wall and mannan [accounts for about 30% of the dry weight of the cell wall, multi-purpose dew of oligosaccharides in the process of production, is digestion mannan completely from the alpha (1, 6) - skeleton of glycosidic bond connection disconnected, generate some kind of oligosaccharide side chains. Dew of oligosaccharides and adsorption of mycotoxin effects of mannan, especially to the F2 mycotoxin adsorption effect is very good.
Because of the high concentration of mycotoxins in feed, comprehensive, and all the mould remover not 100% adsorption, so any mycotoxins adsorbent can only different amplitude to reduce the harm of mycotoxin, but cannot remove 100% mycotoxin. And mycotoxin poison and toxicity to animals to be ruled out, take off the mold better add B - glucan, enzyme solution has the function of detoxification by the immune system so it is to take off the mold the uniqueness of beautiful (two-way clearance refers to by adsorption in vitro and in vivo detoxification in two different directions to remove the harm of mycotoxin).
4, the main several molecular size of mycotoxin (unit: nm)
H: maybe position of molecular adsorption approximate size; L: 90 degrees from the H position after the approximate size of molecule.
Seven mould remover, buy a few appearance identification
1, if it is a mineral adsorbent, especially fine granularity requirement, at least require under 28 um, if very thick, the basic can determine is false.
2, high purity of formal adsorbent, and dry density is not big. If packed in bags small but heavy, basic can determine is false.
3, can use water to make a analysis, mineral mildew agent are clouding after stirring, not sink particles; And add the yeast cell wall extract mildew agent, are not separate mineral powder, floating.
Eight, mildew remover with stand or fall of three simple identification
Identify one: whether the lower incidence (must be at least 2 months long observation above) (measure of aflatoxin is represented by the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin);
Identify two: livestock and feed intake is increased appetite, egg egg weight first month whether to increase (measure of T2, vomiting toxins represented by the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin);
Identify three: livestock whether false heat loss, egg egg is clean (is represented by the measure of F2 toxin mycotoxin adsorption efficiency).
Nine, adsorption effect observation about mycotoxins
Mainly through three aspects to observe
1, immunity: mycotoxin the greatest harm is caused by aspergillus flavus toxins such as immune damage, seriously infringe on the immune system and liver of the animal, etc., cause the loss of animal disease resistance and the reducing of the vaccine titer antibodies and low short and not neat.
Anatomy: to observe the thymus and spleen size and immune organs such as health, observe any of the liver
Biochemical tests: comparative analysis the antibody level, keep time, uniformity; The level of immunoglobulin, etc
Apparent phenomenon: long-term incidence and death rate of tao comparative analysis; Special observation of fatty liver and egg weight change, poultry livestock key observation estrus, mastitis, etc.
Simple identification: the egg is the most simple, fatty liver and egg weight change, usually use the first month to take off the mildew agent egg back to increase, after returning to normal. And the fertilization rate, the healthy young rate and survival rate of young birds to track.
2, feed intake and body weight: T2, severe vomiting toxins can cause animals, angular. Pigs can cause animals do not love to eat, slow weight gain, such delay and feed conversion ratio higher, and poultry tend to be thin, death rate is high.
After simple identification: to observe the use of mycotoxins adsorbent, livestock whether there were notable increases from feed intake, weight gain, or poultry weight recovery, for reducing the phenomenon of death, otherwise it is a high content of mycotoxin, mildew remover and add quantity is not enough, or the use of mould remover quality has a problem.
3, reproduction: as the F2 toxins can cause false estrus, livestock assistance from a swollen umbilical, we can realize the danger of mycotoxins from surface. But other mycotoxins such as F2 and aflatoxin, etc can cause reproductive barriers more deeply. Bad performance for livestock aspects: estrus, stillbirth, abortion, childbirth, farrowing rate low, weak young many, low survival rate, female use fixed number of year to shorten, mastitis. Poultry mainly for: the peak of short or no peak and fertilization rate low, salpingitis, egg dirty, blood with dung, peck anus.
Simple identification: see false estrus, swollen umbilical, see the quality of laying hens eggs.
The grade of the ten, mycotoxins adsorbent
Not fake informal products, formal manufacturers of mycotoxins adsorbent points three levels:
1 - low level for a single mineral adsorbent adsorption aspergillus flavus, ochre and aspergillus toxin, only only conform to "identify", it is difficult to confirm other effects. This mould remover the average market price at about 10 yuan per kilogram. But less than 10 yuan is informal, lower leg.
2 - in the class, is a kind of composite adsorbent, on the basis of a single mineral adsorbent the compound enzyme preparation, such as its adsorption aflatoxin and reduce "swollen umbilical", but can't confirm "to identify two". Additionally one kind is a single cell walls of yeast extract, expensive, typically a few usage per. Adsorption efficiency of aflatoxin is very poor, F2 toxin is very good, solve "swollen umbilical" is very effective. This kind of product, seems to high-grade, also happens to conform to the user "not swollen umbilical is good". Its effect is very uncertain, proved the "identification of three", but "to identify and differentiate two" cannot confirm.
3 - high-grade, belong to the fourth generation of mycotoxins adsorbent. Require comprehensive renovation and comply with the three materials, to achieve real "three yuan broad spectrum absorption", at the same time have a certain body endotoxin removal effect.
11, the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin
Measure the stand or fall of mycotoxins adsorbent can't only refer to companies give adsorption rate, because it is a good adsorbent is not 100% adsorption, especially F2 toxin, the adsorption rate offered by each company is only a reference. More important is to catch mycotoxin immunosuppression and reproductive damage caused by the further solution, is the more radical means of mycotoxin hazards.
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